The Dragon's Mirror: The Magic of Angkor Wat III

Part 3

Decorative elements -

Perfectly integrated with the architecture of the buildings, and one of the main causes of its fame is the extensive decoration of Angkor Wat, predominantly in the form of bas-reliefs. The inner walls of the outer gallery have a series of scenes describing epic Hindu episodes taken from the sacred texts of the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
Higham called these decorations "the largest known linear arrangement of stone sculpture."
Lanka (from Ramayana, where Rama defeats Ravana) and the Battle of Kurukshetra (from the Mahabharata, which shows the mutual destruction of the Kaurava and Pandava clans) are depicted in astonishing details.



The southern side of the gallery features the only historical scene, a procession of Suryavarman II, followed by the 32 hells and 37 paradises of Hindu mythology.
The eastern gallery shows one of the most famous scenes, "The Churning of the Ocean of Milk", in which 92 Asuras and 88 Devas use the snake Vasuki to shake the sea under the direction of Vishnu, with his turtle-avatar Kurma at the bottom and Apsaras and Indra above him (Mannika counts only 91 Asuras, and explains the asymmetry of the numbers as a representation of the days between the winter solstice and the spring equinox , and from the equinox to the summer solstice).


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The scene is followed by Vishnu defeating the Asuras (an addition from the 16th century CE).
The northern gallery describes the victory of Krishna over Bana (where, according to Glaize, "it is of the worst artistic quality") and a battle between the Hindu gods and the Asuras.
The pavilions to the northeast and southwest have both smaller scenes, some not yet identified but most of them taken straight out of the Ramayana or from Krishna’s life.

Angkor Wat displays a vast number of Apsaras and Devatas, with more than 1,796 of the latter recorded to date. The architects of Angkor Wat employed images of small Apsaras (30-40cm) on pillars and walls as decorative elements. They incorporated larger Devatas images (whole figures of about 95cm-110cm) at each level of the temple, from the entrance pavilion to the top of the tallest towers.
In 1927 Sappho Marchal published a study cataloguing all the most important differences in hair, headgear, clothing, pose, jewelry and floral decorations, concluding that each of these variations was based on current practices of each Angkor period.

Construction techniques -

The stones, smooth as enameled marble have been combined together without the aid of mortar and with joints so narrow that they are sometimes difficult to spot. The blocks are held together by tenon joints and mortar in some cases; in others, by the use of dovetail joint and gravity.



The blocks were presumably transported using elephants, ropes, tie rods, and bamboo scaffolding. Henri Mouhot noted that many of the blocks have holes of 2.5 cm in diameter and 3 cm deep, especially in the larger blocks. Some scholars suggested that such holes were used to insert iron rods, or props to maneuver the stone and put it into its final position.
The temple in its final structure consists of millions of tons of sandstone, and its volume and mass are far larger than the Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt. Angkor Wat, with its 6-10 million blocks of an average unit weight of 1.5 tons, including the city that was built around it, has utilized more stones than the three Egyptian pyramids combined, and occupied an area larger than the total surface of today’s Paris; Moreover, unlike the Egyptian pyramids that used limestone excavated just half a kilometer away, the entire city of Angkor was built from sandstone extracted at least 40 kilometers away. The sandstone had to be transported from a quarry on Mount Kulen, located to the northeast and separated by thick jungles and marshes created by the Mekong River. The exact route the builders took remains unknown, but it is thought that they followed a direction along a channel towards Lake Tonle' Sap for 35 kilometers (22 miles,) crossed the lake for another 35 kilometers, and the last 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) they went upstream along the Siem Reap River, for a total journey of 90 kilometers (56 miles).
In 2012, however, Etsuo Uchida and Ichita Shimoda from the Waseda University, Tokyo discovered a shorter channel (35 kilometers/ 22 miles) connecting Mount Kulen with Angkor Wat through the use of satellite imagery, and are certain that the Khmers had chosen that route. We can say that every solid surface of Angkor Wat, from columns to strips, ceilings, walls, and roofs, are carved. There are miles and miles of reliefs illustrating scenes from the Indian literature including unicorns, griffins, winged dragons pulling chariots, warriors following their chief on the back of an elephant, heavenly women dancing, sporting complex hairstyles. The walls of the gallery alone are decorated with almost 1,000 square meters of bas-reliefs.





Holes on some walls indicate that they may have been once decorated with bronze panels. These had a very high value in ancient times, and became the first target of thieves and raiders.While digging in Khajuraho Alex Evans, carpenter and sculptor, he recreated a stone sculpture 1.2 meters (4 feet) smaller than the original in 60 days; Roger Hopkins and Mark Lehner conducted experiments to extract limestone. They took 2 days to pick up 400 tons of stone employing 12 workers.
The workforce to mine, transport, carve, and install so much sandstone in Angkor must have been of thousands of men including many highly skilled craftsmen and master masons. The skills required to obtain such bas-reliefs and sculptures had been developed hundreds of years earlier as evidenced by some artifacts that were dated to 7th century CE, that is, before the Khmers came to power.